Loans between family members—usually, but not always, from an older person to their children or grandchildren—may be best ventured with the help of financial advisors who have experience setting them up. Professional guidance can make the situation more comfortable for family members unaccustomed to transacting business with each other. It’s also safer, as intra-family loans may have implications ranging from taxes to legal issues.

Ekoniak describes one example of parents with a grown daughter who’d married someone who “bounced” from job to job. The young couple wanted to have children, but could only afford a small rental apartment. After nearly a year of agonizing over different ways to help the couple, the parents finally decided to simply offer them a loan to buy a house. 

“They set up a trust fund and 50% of the income from the trust would be used to pay back the loan,” Ekoniak says. The loan repayments were interest only, at the government’s prevailing “applicable federal rate,” which is the lowest rate the IRS allows for private loans.

It seems straightforward—the “Bank of Mom and Dad” has long been a normal part of young adulthood in America, after all. But there are plenty of possible pitfalls to keep in mind. 

If nothing else, loans “should be money that the parent is willing to turn into a gift,” says Mark Weiskind, founding partner at Independence, Ohio-based Fairway Wealth Management. “You’re very unlikely to push hard to collect from your child.” 

In some cases, that impulse may be communicated up front, with the lenders explaining that they’d like to receive repayment according to a particular schedule but are flexible if the borrowers can’t make a payment for some reason. But even lenders who do expect their borrowers to stick to a particular repayment schedule need to be flexible, experts say. 

What’s more, Weiskind says, “You have to be willing to accept a lower interest rate” on a loan than you might otherwise. In other words, don’t expect to make money from entering into a financing arrangement with a family member.

Parents helping their children should also carefully consider whether they want to tell their other children, if there are any, about the loan. That becomes an even thornier question when money is being loaned between grandparents and grandchildren or aunts and uncles and their niece or nephew, Ekoniak points out. 

The bigger question becomes: Does helping one child mean you have to do the same for all the children? “Everyone is thinking, ‘what about me?’” Ekoniak says. 

Experts also advise thinking through all the various scenarios that could arise after the loan is agreed to. If the parents are never repaid, do they simply write off the loan as a gift, say by applying the full gift tax exclusion exemption of US$36,000 per couple every year until the balance disappears? If one sibling benefits from the loan but others do not, should it be considered an advance on the inheritance—and do estate documents need to be rewritten to account for the discrepancy?

While the most common uses for intra-family loans do tend to be real estate, Weiskind has also structured several that allow a parent to pass on a share of the family business to children. Either way, it’s important to consider whether the loan has some sort of collateral, he says, and how complicated the documentation needs to be.

“More often than not we see a simple promissory note,” Weiskind says. “I have seen a few instances where they have filed a mortgage on the property just to have protection in case of divorce”—that is, to protect the natural-born child against someone who’s married into the family. 

“I’ve never seen a parent foreclose on a child,” Weiskind says with a laugh. But not paying back a loan “could lead to bad blood.” 

As if family dynamics weren’t already challenging enough.